Introduction to Geospatial Techniques for Social Scientists in R

.title[
# Introduction to Geospatial Techniques for Social Scientists in R
]
.subtitle[
## Introduction to GIS
]
.author[
### Stefan Jünger & Anne-Kathrin Stroppe
]
.institute[
### <p>GESIS Workshop</p>
]
.date[
### April 23, 2024
]

---

---

## About This Course

This course will teach you how to exploit `R` and apply its geospatial techniques in a social science context.

By the end of this course, you should...

- Be comfortable with using geospatial data in `R`
  - Including importing, wrangling, and exploring geospatial data
- Be able to create maps based on your very own processed geospatial data in `R`
- Feel prepared for (your first steps in) spatial analysis
 
---

## Keep Calm and Carry On Learning/Using `R`

<img src="data:image/png;base64,#../img/r_first_then.png" width="50%" style="display: block; margin: auto;" />
<small><small>Illustration by [Allison Horst](https://github.com/allisonhorst/stats-illustrations) </small></small>

---

## We are (Necessarily) Selective

There's a multitude of spatial `R` packages
- We cannot cover all of them
  - and we cannot cover all functions
- You may have used some we are not familiar with

We will show the use of packages we exploit in practice
- There's always another way of doing things in `R`
- Don't hesitate to bring up your solutions

**You can't learn everything at once, but you also don't have to!**

---

## Prerequisites for This Course

.pull-left[
- Knowledge of `R`, its syntax, and internal logic
  - Affinity for using script-based languages
  - Don't be scared to wrangle data with complex structures
- Working versions of `R` (and `Rstudio`) on your computer 
  - Ideally, with the packages installed, we asked you upfront
]

.pull-right[
<br>
<br>
<img src="data:image/png;base64,#../img/i-love-programming.jpg" width="75%" style="display: block; margin: auto;" />
]
  
---

## About Us

**Stefan Jünger**

.pull-left[
<img src="data:image/png;base64,#../img/Stefan.png" width="50%" style="display: block; margin: auto;" />
]

.pull-right[
.small[
- Senior Researcher in the team Survey Data Augmentation at the GESIS department Survey Data Curation
- Ph.D. in social sciences, University of Cologne
]
]

.small[
- Research interests:
  - Quantitative methods, Geographic Information Systems (GIS)
  - Social inequalities
  - Attitudes towards minorities
  - Environmental attitudes
  - Reproducible research
]

.small[
[stefan.juenger@gesis.org](mailto:stefan.juenger@gesis.org) |
[https://stefanjuenger.github.io](https://stefanjuenger.github.io)
]

---

## About Us

**Anne Stroppe**

.pull-left[
<img src="data:image/png;base64,#../img/Anne.png" width="50%" style="display: block; margin: auto;" />
]

.pull-right[
- Research Associate in the SDA team at GESIS
- Pursuing Ph.D. at the University of Mannheim (PolSci)
]

- Research focuses:
  - Political and electoral geography
  - Attitudes towards the political system
  - Political engagement and conspiracy beliefs
  - Data quality and open science
   
.small[
[anne-kathrin.stroppe@gesis.org](mailto:anne-kathrin.stroppe@gesis.org) 
]

---

## About You

.pull-left[
- What's your name?  
- Where do you work/research? What are you working on/researching?
- What is your experience with `R` or other programming languages?
- Do you already have experience with geospatial data?
]

.pull-right[
<br>
<img src="data:image/png;base64,#../img/so-tell-me-5be02d.jpg" width="800" style="display: block; margin: auto;" />
.tinyisher[.center[[Source](https://makeameme.org/meme/so-tell-me-5be02d)]]
]
- **What do you want to use `R` and geospatial data for?**

---

## Preliminaries

- The workshop consists of a combination of lectures and hands-on exercises
- Feel free to ask questions at any time
- Slides and other materials are available at

---

## Download Materials

---

## Course Schedule

<table class="table" style="color: black; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">
 <thead>
  <tr>
   <th style="text-align:left;"> Day </th>
   <th style="text-align:left;"> Time </th>
   <th style="text-align:left;"> Title </th>
  </tr>
 </thead>
<tbody>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;color: gray !important;"> April 23 </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;color: gray !important;"> 10:00-11:30 </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;font-weight: bold;"> Introduction to GIS </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;color: gray !important;"> April 23 </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;color: gray !important;"> 11:45-13:00 </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;font-weight: bold;"> Vector Data </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;color: gray !important;color: gray !important;"> April 23 </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;color: gray !important;color: gray !important;"> 13:00-14:00 </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;font-weight: bold;color: gray !important;"> Lunch Break </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;color: gray !important;"> April 23 </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;color: gray !important;"> 14:00-15:30 </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;font-weight: bold;"> Mapping </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;color: gray !important;border-bottom: 1px solid"> April 23 </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;color: gray !important;border-bottom: 1px solid"> 15:45-17:00 </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;font-weight: bold;border-bottom: 1px solid"> Raster Data </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;color: gray !important;"> April 24 </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;color: gray !important;"> 09:00-10:30 </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;font-weight: bold;"> Advanced Data Import &amp; Processing </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;color: gray !important;"> April 24 </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;color: gray !important;"> 10:45-12:00 </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;font-weight: bold;"> Applied Data Wrangling &amp; Linking </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;color: gray !important;color: gray !important;"> April 24 </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;color: gray !important;color: gray !important;"> 12:00-13:00 </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;font-weight: bold;color: gray !important;"> Lunch Break </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;color: gray !important;"> April 24 </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;color: gray !important;"> 13:00-14:30 </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;font-weight: bold;"> Investigating Spatial Autocorrelation </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;color: gray !important;"> April 24 </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;color: gray !important;"> 14:45-16:00 </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;font-weight: bold;"> Spatial Econometrics &amp; Outlook </td>
  </tr>
</tbody>
</table>

---

## Now

<table class="table" style="color: black; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">
 <thead>
  <tr>
   <th style="text-align:left;"> Day </th>
   <th style="text-align:left;"> Time </th>
   <th style="text-align:left;"> Title </th>
  </tr>
 </thead>
<tbody>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;color: gray !important;background-color: yellow !important;"> April 23 </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;color: gray !important;background-color: yellow !important;"> 10:00-11:30 </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;font-weight: bold;background-color: yellow !important;"> Introduction to GIS </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;color: gray !important;"> April 23 </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;color: gray !important;"> 11:45-13:00 </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;font-weight: bold;"> Vector Data </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;color: gray !important;color: gray !important;"> April 23 </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;color: gray !important;color: gray !important;"> 13:00-14:00 </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;font-weight: bold;color: gray !important;"> Lunch Break </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;color: gray !important;"> April 23 </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;color: gray !important;"> 14:00-15:30 </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;font-weight: bold;"> Mapping </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;color: gray !important;border-bottom: 1px solid"> April 23 </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;color: gray !important;border-bottom: 1px solid"> 15:45-17:00 </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;font-weight: bold;border-bottom: 1px solid"> Raster Data </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;color: gray !important;"> April 24 </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;color: gray !important;"> 09:00-10:30 </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;font-weight: bold;"> Advanced Data Import &amp; Processing </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;color: gray !important;"> April 24 </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;color: gray !important;"> 10:45-12:00 </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;font-weight: bold;"> Applied Data Wrangling &amp; Linking </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;color: gray !important;color: gray !important;"> April 24 </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;color: gray !important;color: gray !important;"> 12:00-13:00 </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;font-weight: bold;color: gray !important;"> Lunch Break </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;color: gray !important;"> April 24 </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;color: gray !important;"> 13:00-14:30 </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;font-weight: bold;"> Investigating Spatial Autocorrelation </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;color: gray !important;"> April 24 </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;color: gray !important;"> 14:45-16:00 </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;font-weight: bold;"> Spatial Econometrics &amp; Outlook </td>
  </tr>
</tbody>
</table>

---

## Geographic Information in Social Science Research

For example, Siegfried (1913) used soil composition information to explain election results in France.
]

.pull-right[
<img src="data:image/png;base64,#../img/siegfried.png" width="75%" style="display: block; margin: auto;" />
.center[.tinyisher[https://images.fr.shopping.rakuten.com/photo/874882994.jpg]]
]

---

## The Chicago School!

<img src="data:image/png;base64,#../img/park_etal.png" width="50%" style="display: block; margin: auto;" />
.tinyisher[Park et al. 1925]

---

## Integration in Theory

.pull-left[
<img src="data:image/png;base64,#../img/nature_prejudice.png" width="65%" style="display: block; margin: auto;" />
.center[.tinyisher[https://i.gr-assets.com/images/S/compressed.photo.goodreads.com/books/1387595670l/7034925.jpg]]
]

For example, in Allport's (1954) contact theory, he at least implicitly assumes that people meet in a set space.
]

---

## Still relevant today

So many studies still rely on these ideas but incorperate space directly, e.g.,

.pull-left[
.tinyisher[
- Iyer, A., & Pryce, G. (2023). Theorising the causal impacts of social frontiers: The social and psychological implications of discontinuities in the geography of residential mix. Urban Studies, 00420980231194834. https://doi.org/10.1177/00420980231194834
- Kent, J. (2022). Can urban fabric encourage tolerance? Evidence that the structure of cities influences attitudes toward migrants in Europe. Cities, 121, 103494. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2021.103494
- Schmidt, K., Jacobsen, J., & Iglauer, T. (2023). Proximity to refugee accommodations does not affect locals’ attitudes toward refugees: Evidence from Germany. European Sociological Review, jcad028. https://doi.org/10.1093/esr/jcad028
- Xu, A. Z. (2023). Segregation and the Spatial Externalities of Inequality: A Theory of Interdependence and Public Goods in Cities. American Political Science Review, 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003055423000722
- ...
- Jünger, S., & Schaeffer, M. (2023). Ethnic Diversity and Social Integration—What are the Consequences of Ethnic Residential Boundaries and Halos for Social Integration in Germany? KZfSS Kölner Zeitschrift Für Soziologie Und Sozialpsychologie. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11577-023-00888-1
]
]

.pull-right[
<img src="data:image/png;base64,#../img/xu2023.png" width="60%" style="display: block; margin: auto;" />
.center[.tinyisher[Xu 2023]]
]

---

## Data Landscape

</br>

<img src="data:image/png;base64,#../img/tools_today.png" width="60%" style="display: block; margin: auto;" />
]

.pull-right[
<img src="data:image/png;base64,#../img/geo_today.png" width="816" style="display: block; margin: auto;" />

Better tools
- Personal computer with enough horsepower
- Standard software, such as `R`, can be used as Geographic Information System (GIS)
]

---

## What Are Geospatial Data?

.pull-left[
</br>
Data with a direct spatial reference `\(\rightarrow\)` **geo-coordinates**
- Information about geometries
- Optional: Content in relation to the geometries
]

.pull-right[
<img src="data:image/png;base64,#../img/fig_geometries.png" width="85%" style="display: block; margin: auto;" />

.tinyisher[Sources: OpenStreetMap / GEOFABRIK (2018), City of Cologne (2014), and the Statistical Offices of the Federation and the Länder (2016) / Jünger, 2019]
]

---

## Geospatial Data in This Course I

In the folder called `./data`, you can find (most of) the data files prepped for all the exercises and slides. The following data are included:

- Administrative borders of Germany (Prefix *VG250_*) are provided by the German [Federal Agency for Cartography and Geodesy](http://www.bkg.bund.de)(2018). Check out their [Open Data Portal](https://gdz.bkg.bund.de/index.php/default/open-data.html).

- The locations of e-car charging stations in Germany are retrieved from the [Bundesnetzagentur](https://www.bundesnetzagentur.de/DE/Fachthemen/ElektrizitaetundGas/E-Mobilitaet/Ladesaeulenkarte/start.html).

- Election Results for the German Right-Wing Populist Party *AfD* in the 2021 German federal election ([Der Bundeswahlleiter, Wiesbaden 2018](https://www.bundeswahlleiter.de/bundestagswahlen/2017/ergebnisse/weitere-ergebnisse.html)).

---

## Geospatial Data in This Course II

- District attributes are from [INKAR](https://www.inkar.de/) and curated by Bundesinstitut für Bau-, Stadt- und Raumforschung (BBSR)

- German Census 2011 data are provided by the [Federal Statistical Office Germany, Wiesbaden 2020](https://www.zensus2011.de/EN/Home/home_node.html)

- Shapefiles, voting data, and car-related data for Cologne are gathered from the [Open Data Portal Cologne](https://www.offenedaten-koeln.de/)

- Information about public transport stops and streets are from [OpenStreetMap](https://www.openstreetmap.org/)

- Weather data are gathered from [Climate Data Center of the German Weather Service](https://www.dwd.de/DE/klimaumwelt/cdc/cdc_node.html)

**Please make sure that if you reuse any of the provided data to cite the original data sources.**

---

## What Is GIS?

Most common understanding: Geographic Information Systems (GIS) as specific software to process geospatial data for 
- Visualization
- Analysis

---

## Data Specifics

.pull-left[
</br>
</br>
<img src="data:image/png;base64,#../img/fig_3d_simple.png" width="9083" style="display: block; margin: auto;" />

Coordinate reference systems
- Allow the projection on earth's surface
- Differ in precision for specific purposes
]

---

## Layers Must Match!

---

## Types of CRS

Differentiating between different CRS is wild (at least for me...). You may hear from geographic, geocentric, projected, or local CRS in your research.

What's the difference?

- whether 2 dimensional (longitude, latitude) or 3 dimensional (+height) coordinates are used
- the location of the coordinate system's origin (center of earth or not)
- projection on a flat surface (transformation of longitudes and latitudes to x and y coordinates)
- location (the smaller, the more precise are projections)

*In practice, you shouldn't worry too much about CRS. Again, what matters is that they match.*

---

<br>

---

## Old Standard: `PROJ.4` Strings

This is how your information about the CRS are defined in a classic standard:

```
+proj=laea +lat_0=52 +lon_0=10 +x_0=4321000 +y_0=3210000 +ellps=GRS80 +towgs84=0,0,0,0,0,0,0 +units=m +no_defs 
```

(It's nothing you would type by hand)

---

## New Kid in Town: `WKT` (“Well Known Text”)

```
PROJCS["ETRS89 / LAEA Europe",
    GEOGCS["ETRS89",
        DATUM["European_Terrestrial_Reference_System_1989",
            SPHEROID["GRS 1980",6378137,298.257222101,
                AUTHORITY["EPSG","7019"]],
            TOWGS84[0,0,0,0,0,0,0],
            AUTHORITY["EPSG","6258"]],
        PRIMEM["Greenwich",0,
            AUTHORITY["EPSG","8901"]],
        UNIT["degree",0.0174532925199433,
            AUTHORITY["EPSG","9122"]],
        AUTHORITY["EPSG","4258"]],
    PROJECTION["Lambert_Azimuthal_Equal_Area"],
    PARAMETER["latitude_of_center",52],
    PARAMETER["longitude_of_center",10],
    PARAMETER["false_easting",4321000],
    PARAMETER["false_northing",3210000],
    UNIT["metre",1,
        AUTHORITY["EPSG","9001"]],
    AUTHORITY["EPSG","3035"]]
```

---

## Current Transition From `PROJ.4` to `WKT` in `R`

There's a transition from the old standard of `PROJ.4` to `WKT` in many `R` packages.
- sometimes, you'll get warnings
- you should check what's causing the warning
- in the best case, they will disappear in the future

---

## EPSG Codes

.pull-left[
Eventually, it's not as challenging to work with CRS in `R` as it may seem
- we don't have to use PROJ.4 or WKT strings directly

Most of the times it's enough to use so-called EPSG Codes ("European Petroleum Survey Group Geodesy")
- Small digit sequence
]

.pull-right[
<br>
<img src="data:image/png;base64,#../img/ImageEPSGlogo.gif" style="display: block; margin: auto;" />
.tinyisher[.center[[Source](http://geotiff.maptools.org/proj_list/guid7.html)]]
]

---

## More Details on Geospatial Data

Let's learn about geospatial data as we learn about specific formats

---

## Packages in This Course

We will use plenty of different packages during the course, but only a few are our main drivers (e.g., the `sf` package). Here's the list of packages

.pull-left[
- [`dplyr`](https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/dplyr/index.html)
- [`ggplot2`](https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/ggplot2/index.html)
- **[`ggsn`](http://oswaldosantos.github.io/ggsn/)**
- [`haven`](https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/haven/index.html)
- [`osmdata`](https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/osmdata/index.html)
- **[`OpenStreetMap`](https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/OpenStreetMap/index.html)**\*
- [`sf`](https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/sf/index.html)
- [`spatialreg`](https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/spatialreg/index.html)
]

.pull-right[
- [`spatstat`](https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/spatstat/index.html)
- [`sfdep`](https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/sfdep/index.html)
- [`spdep`](https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/spdep/index.html)
- [`terra`](https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/terra/index.html)
- **[`tidygeocoder`](https://cloud.r-project.org/web/packages/tidygeocoder/index.html)**
- [`tmap`](https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/tmap/index.html)
- [`tmaptools`](https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/tmaptools/index.html)
- [`raster`](https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/raster/index.html)
- [`z11`](https://github.com/StefanJuenger/z11)
]

---

[Exercise](https://stefanjuenger.github.io/gesis-workshop-geospatial-techniques-R-2024/exercises/1_1_1_Package_Installation.html)

[Solution](https://stefanjuenger.github.io/gesis-workshop-geospatial-techniques-R-2024/solutions/1_1_1_Package_Installation.html)

---

layout: false
class: center
background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,#../assets/img/the_end.png)
background-size: cover

.left-column[
</br>
<img src="data:image/png;base64,#../img/Stefan.png" width="75%" style="display: block; margin: auto;" />

]
.right-column[
.left[.small[<svg viewBox="0 0 512 512" style="height:1em;position:relative;display:inline-block;top:.1em;" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
  <path d="M464 64H48C21.49 64 0 85.49 0 112v288c0 26.51 21.49 48 48 48h416c26.51 0 48-21.49 48-48V112c0-26.51-21.49-48-48-48zm0 48v40.805c-22.422 18.259-58.168 46.651-134.587 106.49-16.841 13.247-50.201 45.072-73.413 44.701-23.208.375-56.579-31.459-73.413-44.701C106.18 199.465 70.425 171.067 48 152.805V112h416zM48 400V214.398c22.914 18.251 55.409 43.862 104.938 82.646 21.857 17.205 60.134 55.186 103.062 54.955 42.717.231 80.509-37.199 103.053-54.947 49.528-38.783 82.032-64.401 104.947-82.653V400H48z"></path>
</svg> [stefan.juenger@gesis.org](mailto:stefan.juenger@gesis.org)]
.small[<svg viewBox="0 0 512 512" style="height:1em;position:relative;display:inline-block;top:.1em;" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
  <path d="M459.37 151.716c.325 4.548.325 9.097.325 13.645 0 138.72-105.583 298.558-298.558 298.558-59.452 0-114.68-17.219-161.137-47.106 8.447.974 16.568 1.299 25.34 1.299 49.055 0 94.213-16.568 130.274-44.832-46.132-.975-84.792-31.188-98.112-72.772 6.498.974 12.995 1.624 19.818 1.624 9.421 0 18.843-1.3 27.614-3.573-48.081-9.747-84.143-51.98-84.143-102.985v-1.299c13.969 7.797 30.214 12.67 47.431 13.319-28.264-18.843-46.781-51.005-46.781-87.391 0-19.492 5.197-37.36 14.294-52.954 51.655 63.675 129.3 105.258 216.365 109.807-1.624-7.797-2.599-15.918-2.599-24.04 0-57.828 46.782-104.934 104.934-104.934 30.213 0 57.502 12.67 76.67 33.137 23.715-4.548 46.456-13.32 66.599-25.34-7.798 24.366-24.366 44.833-46.132 57.827 21.117-2.273 41.584-8.122 60.426-16.243-14.292 20.791-32.161 39.308-52.628 54.253z"></path>
</svg> [`@StefanJuenger`](https://twitter.com/StefanJuenger)]
.small[<svg viewBox="0 0 496 512" style="height:1em;position:relative;display:inline-block;top:.1em;" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
  <path d="M165.9 397.4c0 2-2.3 3.6-5.2 3.6-3.3.3-5.6-1.3-5.6-3.6 0-2 2.3-3.6 5.2-3.6 3-.3 5.6 1.3 5.6 3.6zm-31.1-4.5c-.7 2 1.3 4.3 4.3 4.9 2.6 1 5.6 0 6.2-2s-1.3-4.3-4.3-5.2c-2.6-.7-5.5.3-6.2 2.3zm44.2-1.7c-2.9.7-4.9 2.6-4.6 4.9.3 2 2.9 3.3 5.9 2.6 2.9-.7 4.9-2.6 4.6-4.6-.3-1.9-3-3.2-5.9-2.9zM244.8 8C106.1 8 0 113.3 0 252c0 110.9 69.8 205.8 169.5 239.2 12.8 2.3 17.3-5.6 17.3-12.1 0-6.2-.3-40.4-.3-61.4 0 0-70 15-84.7-29.8 0 0-11.4-29.1-27.8-36.6 0 0-22.9-15.7 1.6-15.4 0 0 24.9 2 38.6 25.8 21.9 38.6 58.6 27.5 72.9 20.9 2.3-16 8.8-27.1 16-33.7-55.9-6.2-112.3-14.3-112.3-110.5 0-27.5 7.6-41.3 23.6-58.9-2.6-6.5-11.1-33.3 2.6-67.9 20.9-6.5 69 27 69 27 20-5.6 41.5-8.5 62.8-8.5s42.8 2.9 62.8 8.5c0 0 48.1-33.6 69-27 13.7 34.7 5.2 61.4 2.6 67.9 16 17.7 25.8 31.5 25.8 58.9 0 96.5-58.9 104.2-114.8 110.5 9.2 7.9 17 22.9 17 46.4 0 33.7-.3 75.4-.3 83.6 0 6.5 4.6 14.4 17.3 12.1C428.2 457.8 496 362.9 496 252 496 113.3 383.5 8 244.8 8zM97.2 352.9c-1.3 1-1 3.3.7 5.2 1.6 1.6 3.9 2.3 5.2 1 1.3-1 1-3.3-.7-5.2-1.6-1.6-3.9-2.3-5.2-1zm-10.8-8.1c-.7 1.3.3 2.9 2.3 3.9 1.6 1 3.6.7 4.3-.7.7-1.3-.3-2.9-2.3-3.9-2-.6-3.6-.3-4.3.7zm32.4 35.6c-1.6 1.3-1 4.3 1.3 6.2 2.3 2.3 5.2 2.6 6.5 1 1.3-1.3.7-4.3-1.3-6.2-2.2-2.3-5.2-2.6-6.5-1zm-11.4-14.7c-1.6 1-1.6 3.6 0 5.9 1.6 2.3 4.3 3.3 5.6 2.3 1.6-1.3 1.6-3.9 0-6.2-1.4-2.3-4-3.3-5.6-2z"></path>
</svg> [`StefanJuenger`](https://github.com/StefanJuenger)]
.small[<svg viewBox="0 0 576 512" style="height:1em;position:relative;display:inline-block;top:.1em;" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
  <path d="M280.37 148.26L96 300.11V464a16 16 0 0 0 16 16l112.06-.29a16 16 0 0 0 15.92-16V368a16 16 0 0 1 16-16h64a16 16 0 0 1 16 16v95.64a16 16 0 0 0 16 16.05L464 480a16 16 0 0 0 16-16V300L295.67 148.26a12.19 12.19 0 0 0-15.3 0zM571.6 251.47L488 182.56V44.05a12 12 0 0 0-12-12h-56a12 12 0 0 0-12 12v72.61L318.47 43a48 48 0 0 0-61 0L4.34 251.47a12 12 0 0 0-1.6 16.9l25.5 31A12 12 0 0 0 45.15 301l235.22-193.74a12.19 12.19 0 0 1 15.3 0L530.9 301a12 12 0 0 0 16.9-1.6l25.5-31a12 12 0 0 0-1.7-16.93z"></path>
</svg> [`https://stefanjuenger.github.io`](https://stefanjuenger.github.io)]]
]